John Wise

Professor and CRA Director

Education

Ph.D. in Physics, Stanford University, 2007

B.S. in Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001

Honors & Awards

• Georgia Tech Emerging Leaders Program, 2024
• Panel Member of the Issac Asimov Debate with Neil deGrasse Tyson, 2024 (YouTube)
• Dunn Family Professorship, 2015-2019
• Supercomputing 2017 Best Scientific Visualization
• Hesburgh Award Teaching Fellow, 2017
• College of Sciences Eric R. Immel Award for Excellence in Teaching, 2015
• Hubble Fellowship, 2009-2011
• NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, 2007-2009

Research

Computational astrophysics – Star and galaxy formation, Supernovae, Black hole evolution I study the intricacies of both the distant and nearby universe, using state-of-the-art numerical simulations that are run on the world’s largest supercomputers. We are especially interested in the first billion years of the universe, where the building blocks of today’s galaxies assembled, forming the first stars and galaxies in the universe. Between 300,000 and 50 million years after the Big Bang, the universe was a relatively simple place with neither stars nor galaxies, only darkness. The evolution of the universe during this epoch is well described by analytics. Afterwards, cosmic structures grow non-linearly, and it is further complicated by star and galaxy formation. This is where numerical cosmology simulations come into play. Simulations strive to include all of the relevant physics and resolve the relevant length scales to accurately model this non-linear regime.

NOTE (Aug 2024): My research group is full.  I will not be accepting any new undergraduate researchers in the 2024-25 academic year.  I will not be accepting any new graduate students for the next few years, unless independently funded, like the NSF GRFP.

Papers

(Up-to-date Publication list from NASA ADS, arXiv, and Google Scholar)

2024

1. Hazlett, R., Kulkarni, M., Visbal, E., & Wise, J. H., 2024, "A Framework to Calibrate a Semi-analytic Model of the First Stars and Galaxies to the Renaissance Simulations", submitted to Astrophysical Journal
2. Heintz, K. E., Brammer, G. B., Watson, D., Oesch, P. A., Keating, L. C., Hayes, M. J., plus 41 authors (including Hardin, S. E., Wise, J. H.), 2024, "The JWST-PRIMAL Legacy Survey. A JWST/NIRSpec reference sample for the physical properties and Lyman-alpha absorption and emission of ~ 500 galaxies at z=5.5-13.4", submitted to Astrophysical Journal
3. Smith, B. D., O'Shea, B. W., Khochfar, S., Turk, M. J., Wise, J. H., & Norman, M. L., 2024, "Why does the Milky Way have a metallicity floor?", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 532, 3797
4. Skinner, D., Wise, J. H. 2024, “Neutron star mergers and their impact on second generation star formation in the early universe,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 528, 5825
5. Xu, Y., Ouchi, M., Isobe, Y., Nakajima, K., Ozaki, S., Bouche N. F., Wise, J. H., plus 45 other authors, 2024, “EMPRESS. XII. Statistics on the Dynamics and Gas Mass Fraction of Extremely-Metal Poor Galaxies,” Astrophysical Journal, 961, 49
6. Correa Magnus, L., Smith, B. D., Khochfar, S., O’Shea, B. W., Wise, J. H., Norman, M. L., Turk, M. J. 2024, “Formation channels for Population III stars at Cosmic Dawn,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 527, 307

2023

1. Brummel-Smith, C., Skinner, D., Sethuram, S., Wise, J. H., Xia, B., Taori, K. 2023, “Inferred galaxy properties during Cosmic Dawn from early JWST results,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 525, 4405
2. McCaffrey, J., Hardin, S., Wise, J. H., Regan, J. A. 2023, “No Tension: JWST galaxies at z > 10 consistent with cosmological simulations,” Open Journal for Astrophysics, 6, 47
3. Isobe, Y., Ouchi, M., Nakajima, K., Bouche, N., Wise, J. H., plus 47 other authors. 2023, “EMPRESS. IX. Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies are Very Gas-Rich Dispersion-Dominated Systems: Will JWST Witness Gaseous Turbulent High-z Primordial Galaxies?,” Astrophysical Journal, 951, 102
4. Chiaki, G., Wise, J. H. 2023, “Triggered Population III star formation: the effect of H2 self-shielding,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 520, 5077
5. Scoggins, M. T., Haiman, Z., Wise, J. H. 2023, “How long do high redshift massive black hole seeds remain outliers in black hole versus host galaxy relations?,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 519, 5122

2022

1. Park, K., Chiaki, G., Wise, J. H. 2022, “Accelerated growth of seed black holes by dust in the early universe,” Astrophysical Journal, 936, 116

2021

1. Woods, T. E., Willott, C. J., Regan, J. A., Wise, J. H., Downes, T. P., Norman, M. L., O’Shea, B. W. 2021, “Some first stars were red: Detecting signatures of massive Population III formation through long-term stochastic color variations,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 920, 22
2. Hicks, W., Wells, A., Norman, M. L., Wise, J. H., Smith, B. D., O’Shea, B. W. 2021, “External Enrichment of Minihalos by the First Supernovae,” Astrophysical Journal, 909, 70

2020

1. Aykutalp, A., Barrow, K. S. S., Wise, J. H., Johnson, J. L. 2020, “Induced metal-free star formation around a massive black hole seed”, Astrophysical Journal Letters, 898, L53
2. Chiaki, G., Wise, J. H., Marassi, S. Schneider, R., Limongi, M., Chieffi, A. 2020, “Seeding the second star – II. Enrichment from faint supernovae and the formation of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 497, 3149
3. Narayanan, D., Turk, M. J., Robitaille, T., Kelly, A. J., McClellan, B. C., Sharma, R., Garg, P., Abruzzo, M., Choi, E., Conroy, C., Johnson, B., Kimock, B., Li, Q., Lovell, C. C., Lower, S., Privon, G. C., Roberts, J., Sethuram, S., Snyder, G. F., Thompson, R., Wise, J. H. “Powderday: Dust radiative transfer for galaxy simulations”, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 252, 12
4. Park, K., Wise, J. H., Bogdanovic, T., Ricotti, M. “Biconical gas fueling onto seed black holes in hyper-accretion regime”, Astrophysical Journal, 905, 92
5. Regan, J. A., Haiman, Z., Wise, J. H., O’Shea, B. W., Norman, M. L. “Massive star formation in metal-enriched haloes at high redshift”, Open Journal of Astrophysics, 3, 15
6. Skinner, D., Wise, J. H. 2020, “Cradles of the first stars: self-shielding, halo masses, and multiplicity” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 492, 4386
7. Regan, J. A., Wise, J. H., O’Shea, B. W., Norman, M. L. 2020, “The emergence of the first star-free atomic cooling haloes in the Universe”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 492, 3021

2019

1. Kim, J.-H., Wise, J. H., Abel, T., Jo, Y., Primack, J. R., Hopkins, P. F. 2019, “High-redshift Galaxy Formation with Self-consistently Modeled Stars and Massive Black Holes: Stellar Feedback and Quasar Growth”, Astrophysical Journal, 887, 120

2. Brummel-Smith, C. and 54 additional authors including Wise, J. H. 2019, “ENZO: An Adaptive Mesh Refinement Code for Astrophysics (Version 2.6)”, Journal of Open Source Software, 4, 1636

3. Wise, J. H. 2019, “Introductory Review of Cosmic Reionization”, Contemporary Physics, 60, 145

4. Qiu, Y., Bogdanovic, T., Li, Y., Park, K., Wise, J. H. 2019, “The Interplay of Kinetic and Radiative Feedback in Galaxy Clusters”, Astrophysical Journal, 877, 47

5. Hummels, C. B., Smith, B. D., Hopkins, P. F., O’Shea, B. W., Silvia, D. W., Werk, J. K., Lehner, N., Wise, J. H., Collins, D. C., Butsky, I. S. 2019, “The Impact of Enhanced Halo Resolution on the Simulated Circumgalactic Medium,” Astrophysical Journal, 882, 156

6. Peeples, M. S., Corlies, L., Tumlinson, J., O'Shea, B. W., Lehner, N., O'Meara, J. M., Howk, J. C., Smith, B. D., Wise, J. H. and Hummels, C. B. 2019, “Figuring Out Gas and Galaxies in Enzo (FOGGIE). I. Resolving Simulated Circumgalactic Absorption at 2 < z < 2.5,” Astrophysical Journal, 873, 129

7. Wise, J. H., Regan, J. A., O’Shea, B. W., Norman, M. L., Downes, T. P., Hao, X. 2019, “Formation of massive black holes in rapidly growing pre-galactic gas clouds,” Nature, 566, 85

8. Chiaki, G., Wise, J. H. 2019, “Seeding the second star: enrichment from population III, dust evolution, and cloud collapse,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 482, 3933

2018

1. Norman, M. L., Chen, P., Wise, J. H., Xu, H. 2018, “Fully Coupled Simulations of Cosmic Reionization . III. Stochastic Early Reionization by the Smallest Galaxies”, Astrophysical Journal, 867, 27 (arXiv)

2. Barrow, K. S. S., Aykutalp, A., Wise, J. H. 2018, “Observational signatures of massive black hole formation in the early universe”, Nature Astronomy, 2, 987

3. Smith, B. D., Regan, J. A., Downes, T. P., Norman, M. L., O’Shea, B. W., Wise, J. H. 2018, “The growth of black holes from Population III remnants in the Renaissance Simulations”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 480, 3762

4. Ardaneh, K., Luo, Y., Shlosman, I., Nagamine, K. Wise, J. H., Begelman, M. C. 2018, “Direct collapse to supermassive black hole seeds with radiative transfer: Isolated haloes”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 479, 2277

5. Cote, B., Silvia, D., O’Shea, B. W., Smith, B., Wise, J. H. 2018, “Validating Semi-Analytic Models of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation using Radiation Hydrodynamical Simulations”, Astrophysical Journal, 859, 67 (arXiv)

6. Latif, M., Volonteri, M., Wise, J. H. 2018, "Early growth of high redshift black holes", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 476, 5016 (arXiv)

7. Luo, Y., Ardaneh, K. Shlosman, I. Nagamine, K. Wise, J. H., Begelman, M. C. 2018, “Direct collapse to supermassive black hole seeds with radiative transfer: Isolated haloes”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 476, 3523

8. Corlies, L., Johnston, L., Wise, J. H. 2018, "Exploring early simulated star formation in the context of ultrafaint dwarf galaxies", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 475, 4868

9. Koh, D., Wise, J. H. 2018, "Extending semi-numeric reionization models to the first stars and galaxies", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 474, 3817 (arXiv)

10. Barrow, K. S. S., Wise, J. H., Aykutalp, A., O'Shea, B. W., Norman, M. L., Xu, H. 2018, "First light - II. Emission line extinction, population III stars, and X-ray binaries", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 474, 2617 (arXiv)

2017

1. Ge, Q., Wise, J. H. 2017, "On the effect of Lyman alpha trapping during the initial collapse of massive black hole seeds", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 472, 2773 (arXiv)

2. Park, K., Wise, J. H., Bogdanovic, T. 2017, "Radiation-driven turbulent accretion onto massive black holes", Astrophysical Journal, 847, 70 (arXiv)

3. Regan, J. A., Visbal, E., Wise, J. H., Haiman, Z., Johansson, P. H., Bryan, G. L. 2017, "Rapid formation of massive black holes in close proximity to embryonic protogalaxies", Nature Astronomy, 1,  75 (arXiv)

4. Das, A., Mesinger, A., Pallottini, A., Ferrara, A., Wise, J. H. 2017, "High Mass X-ray Binaries and the Cosmic 21-cm Signal: Impact of Host Galaxy Absorption", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 469, 1166-1174 (arXiv)

5. Barrow, K. S. S., Wise, J. H., Norman, M. L., O'Shea, B. W., Xu, H. 2017, "First Light: Exploring the Spectra of High-Redshift Galaxies in the Renaissance Simulations", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 469, 4863 (arXiv)

6. Smith, B. D. et al. (12 authors including Wise, J. H.). 2017, "Grackle: a Chemistry and Cooling Library for Astrophysics", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 466, 2217-2234 (arXiv)

2016

1. Kim, J.-H. for the AGORA Collaboration. 2016, "The AGORA High-Resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. II: Isolated Disk Test", Astrophysical Journal, 833, 202 (arXiv)

2. Xu. H., Wise, J. H., Norman, M. L., Ahn, K., O'Shea, B. W. 2016, "Galaxy Properties and UV Escape Fractions during the Epoch of Reionization: Results from the Renaissance Simulations", Astrophysical Journal, 833, 84 (arXiv)

3. Xu H., Ahn, K., Norman, M. L., Wise, J. H., O'Shea, B. W. 2016, "X-ray Background at High Redshifts from Pop III Remnants: Results from the Renaissance Simulations", Astrophysical Journal Letters, 832L, 5 (arXiv)

4. Koh, D., Wise, J. H. 2016, "Amplification of Magnetic Fields in a Primordial HII Region and Supernova", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 462, 81-91 (arXiv)

5. Regan, J. A., Johansson, P. H., Wise, J. H. 2016, "Positive or Negative? The Impact of X-ray Feedback on the Formation of Direct Collapse Black Hole Seeds", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 461, 111-125 (arXiv)

6. Xu, H., Norman, M. L., O'Shea, B. W., Wise, J. H. 2016, "Late Pop III Star Formation During the Epoch of Reionization: Results from the Renaissance Simulations", Astrophysical Journal, 823, 140 (arXiv)

7. Regan, J. A., Johansson, P. H., Wise, J. H. 2016, "Forming supermassive black hole seeds under the influence of a nearby anisotropic multifrequency source", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 459, 3377-3394 (arXiv)

8. Park, K., Ricotti, M., Natarajan, P., Bogdanovic, T., Wise, J. H. 2016, "Bulge-Driven Fueling of Seed Black Holes", Astrophysical Journal, 818, 184 (arXiv)

2015

1. van Kempen, T. A. + 24 authors (including A. Aykutalp), 2015, "Outflow forces in intermediate mass star formation", Astronomy & Astrophysics, accepted (arXiv)

2. Smith, B. D., Wise, J. H., O'Shea, B. W., Norman, M. L., Khochfar, S. 2015, "The First Population II Stars Formed in Externally Enriched Mini-halos", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 452, 2822-2836 (arXiv)

3. O'Shea, B. W., Wise, J. H., Xu, H., Norman, M. L. 2015, "Probing the Ultraviolet Luminosity Function of the Earliest Galaxies with the Renaissance Simulations", Astrophysical Journal Letters, 807, L12 (arXiv)

4. Altay, G., Wise, J. H. 2015, "Rabacus: A Python Package for Analytic Cosmological Radiative Transfer Calculations", Astronomy & Computing, 10, 73 (arXiv)

5. Regan, J. A., Johansson, P. H, Wise, J. H. 2015, "The effect of dark matter resolution on the collapse of baryons in high redshift numerical simulations", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 449, 3766 (arXiv)

6. Ahn, K., Xu, H., Norman, M. L., Alvarez, M. A., Wise, J. H. 2015, "Spatially Extended 21 cm Signal from Strongly Clustered UV and X-ray Sources in the Early Universe", Astrophysical Journal, 802, 8 (arXiv)

7. Norman, M. L., Reynolds, D. R., So, G. S., Harkness, R. P., Wise, J. H. 2015, "Fully-Coupled Simulation of Cosmic Reionization. I: Numerical Methods and Tests", Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 216, 16 (arXiv)

2014

1. Aykutalp, A., Wise, J. H., Spaans, M., Meijerink, R. 2014, "Songlines from Direct Collapse Seed Black Holes: Effects of X-rays on Black Hole Growth and Stellar Populations", Astrophysical Journal, 797, 139 (arXiv)

2. Chen, P., Wise, J. H., Norman, M. L., Xu, H., O'Shea, B. W. 2014, "Scaling Relations for Galaxies prior to Reionization",  Astrophysical Journal, 795, 144 (arXiv)

3. Regan, J. A., Johansson, P. H., Wise, J. H. 2014, "The Direct Collapse of a Massive Black Hole Seed under the Influence of an Anisotropic Lyman-Werner Source", Astrophysical Journal, 795, 137 (arXiv)

4. Xu, H., Ahn, K., Wise, J. H., Norman, M. L., O'Shea, B. W. 2014, "Heating the IGM by X-rays from Population III Binaries in High Redshift Galaxies", Astrophysical Journal, 791, 110 (arXiv)

5. Wise, J. H., Demchenko, V. G., Halicek, M. T., Norman, M. L., Turk, M. J., Abel, T., Smith, B. D. 2014, "The Birth of a Galaxy - III. Propelling reionization with the faintest galaxies", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 442, 2560-2579 (arXiv)

6. So, G. C., Norman, M. L. Reynolds, D. R, Wise, J. H. 2014, "Fully Coupled Simulation of Cosmic Reionization. II. Recombinations, Clumping Factors, and the Photon Budget for Reionization", Astrophysical Journal, 789, 149 (arXiv)

7. The Enzo Collaboration. 2014, "Enzo: An Adaptive Mesh Refinement Code for Astrophysics", Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 211, 19 (arXiv)

8. Tejos, N. and 11 other authors (including G. Altay), "On the connection between the intergalactic medium and galaxies:  the HI-galaxy cross-correlation at z < 1", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 437, 2017 (arXiv)

9. Grissom, R. L., Ballantyne, D. R., & Wise, J. H. 2014, "On the contribution of active galactic nuclei to reionization (Research Note)", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 561, A90 (arXiv)

10. Kim, J.-H. for the AGORA Collaboration. 2014, "The AGORA High-Resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project", Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 210, 14 (arXiv)

2013

1. Altay, G., Theuns, T., Schaye, J., Booth, C. M., & Dalla Vecchia, C. 2013, "The Impact of Different Physical Processes on the Statistics of Lyman-limit and Damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 436, 2689 (arXiv)

2. Kim, J.-H., Krumholz, M. R., Wise, J. H., Turk, M. J., Goldbaum, N. J., & Abel, T. 2013, "Dwarf Galaxies with Ionizing Radiation Feedback. II: Spatially-resolved Star Formation Relation", Astrophysical Journal, 779, 8 (arXiv)

3. Kim, J.-H., Krumholz, M. R., Wise, J. H., Turk, M. J., Goldbaum, N. J., & Abel, T. 2013, "Dwarf Galaxies with Ionizing Radiation Feedback. I: Escape of Ionizing Photons", Astrophysical Journal, 775, 109 (arXiv)

4. Xu, H., Wise, J. H., Norman, M. L. 2013, "Population III Stars and Remnants in High Redshift Galaxies", Astrophysical Journal, 773, 83 (arXiv)

5. Aykutalp, A., Wise, J. H., Meijerink, R., Spaans, M. 2013, "The Response to Metal Rich Gas to X-ray Irradiation from a Massive Black Hole at High Redshift: Proof of Concept", Astrophysical Journal, 771, 50 (arXiv)

2012

1. Holley-Bockelmann, K., Wise, J. H., Sinha, M. 2012, "Kickstarting Reionization with the First Black Holes: The Effects of Second-order Perturbation Theory in Pre-reionization Volumes", Astrophysical Journal Letters, 761, L8-L13 (arXiv)

2. Wise, J. H., Abel, T., Turk, M. J., Norman, M. L., & Smith, B. D. 2012, “The Birth of a Galaxy. II. The Role of Radiation Pressure”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 427, 311-326 (arXiv)

3. Mirocha, J., Skory, S., Burns, J. O., & Wise, J. H. 2012, "Optimized Multi-Frequency Spectra for Applications in Radiative Feedback and Cosmological Reionization", Astrophysical Journal, 756, 94-108 (arXiv)

4. Kuhlen, M., Krumholz, M. R., Madau, P., Smith, B. D., & Wise, J. H. 2012, “Dwarf Galaxy Formation with H2-regulated Star Formation”, Astrophysical Journal, 749, 36-57 (arXiv)

5. Wise, J. H., Turk, M. J., Norman, M. L., & Abel, T. 2012, “The Birth of a Galaxy: Primordial Metal Enrichment and Population II Stellar Populations”, Astrophysical Journal, 745, 50-59 (arXiv)

2011

1. Kim, J.-H., Wise, J. H., Alvarez, M. A., & Abel, T. 2011, “Galaxy Formation with Self-consistently Modeled Stars and Massive Black Holes. I: Feedback-regulated Star Formation and Black Hole Growth”, Astrophysical Journal, 738, 54

2. Wise, J. H. & Abel, T..  2011, “Enzo+Moray: Radiation Hydrodynamics Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations with Adaptive Ray Tracing”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 414, 3458-3491

2010

1. van Meter, J. R., Wise, J. H., Miller, M. C., Reynolds, C. S., Centrella, J., Baker, J. G., Boggs, W. D., Kelly, B. J., & McWilliams, S. T. 2010, “Modeling Flows Around Merging Black Hole Binaries”, Astrophysical Journal Letters, 711, 89-93

2009

1. Alvarez, M. A., Wise, J. H., Abel, T. 2009, “Accretion onto the First Stellar Mass Black Holes,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 133-137

2. Kim, J.-H., Wise, J. H., & Abel, T. 2009, “Galaxy Mergers with Adaptive Mesh Refinement: Star Formation and Hot Gas Outflow,” Astrophysics Journal Letters, 694, 123-127

3. Wise, J. H., & Cen, R. 2009, “Ionizing Photon Escape Fractions from High Redshift Dwarf Galaxies,” Astrophysical Journal, 693, 984-999

2008

1. Wise, J. H., & Abel, T. 2008, “Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. III. Feedback from the First Stars,” Astrophysical Journal, 685, 40-56

2. Wise, J. H., & Abel, T. 2008, “How Very Massive Metal-Free Stars Start Cosmological Reionization,” Astrophysical Journal, 684, 1-17

3. Wise, J. H.,  Turk, M. J., & Abel, T. 2008, “Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. II. Central Gravitational Collapse,” Astrophysical Journal, 682, 745-757

2007

1. Wise, J. H., & Abel, T. 2007, “Suppression of H2 Cooling in the Ultraviolet Background,” Astrophysical Journal, 671, 1559-1567

2. Wise, J. H., & Abel, T. 2007, “Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. I. Virialization,” Astrophysical Journal, 665, 899-910

3. Abel, T., Wise, J. H., & Bryan, G. B. 2007, “The HII Region of a Primordial Star,” Astrophysical Journal Letters, 659, 87-90

2006 and earlier

1. Kähler, R., Wise, J. H., Abel. T., & Hege, H.-C. 2006, “GPU-Assisted Raycasting of Cosmological Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations,” Proceedings of Volume Graphics, pg. 103-110, Boston, USA

2. Wise, J. H. & Abel, T. 2005, “The Number of Supernovae from Primordial Stars in the Universe,” Astrophysical Journal, 629, 615-624

3. Wise, J. H., Eracleous, M., Charlton, J. C., & Ganguly, R. 2004, “Variability of Narrow, Associated Absorption in Moderate- and Low-Redshift Quasars,” Astrophysical Journal, 613, 129-150

4. Penny, L. R., Gies, D. R., Wise, J. H., Stickland, D. J., & Lloyd, C. 2002, “Tomographic Separation of Composite Spectra IX: The Massive Close Binary HD 115071,” Astrophysical Journal, 575, 1050-1056